Kubernetes Installation

1. Currently working with a manually driven command line actions, and over time, a set of automated and human triggered actions to deploy both software and content.
2. All actions will be manually documented in PKC, and all processes and activities driven by Jenkins, Ansible, and Terraform, will be hyperlinked in specific PKC pages.

Installation Outline

After watching many videos on installing Kubernetes, the following outline is extracted from Edureka's video tutorial.

The suggested initial configuration is to start with one master node and one worker node.

The master node must have at least 2 CPU cores, 2 Gb of memory.
The worker node (slave) should have at least 1 CPU core and 2 Gb of memory. 

If one needs to add more machine, one can do it after the above two machines are working.

Ideally, set up the domain names of these two nodes with their public IPv4 addresses.

Procedure for both Master and Slave

To automate this repeated process on many machines, consider using Ansible or Terraform. The usual initial action is to update, but make sure that you switch to the super user mode and keep being in that role throughout most of the installation.

sudo su
apt update

Swap Space must be turned off

Then, turn off swap space

swapoff -a

The /etc/fstab file must be edited to remove the line entry that specifies a /swapoff directory.

nano /etc/fstab

Install Net-Tools

Before inspecting the IP addresses of these machines, you will need to first install Net-Tools.

apt install net-tools

Afterwards, run the instruction:

ifconfig

This will show some information, such as follows:

eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 9001
        inet 172.31.20.148  netmask 255.255.240.0  broadcast 172.31.31.255
        inet6 fe80::5d:ddff:fea4:9331  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 02:5d:dd:a4:93:31  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 14905  bytes 20660726 (20.6 MB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 2247  bytes 270976 (270.9 KB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 198  bytes 17010 (17.0 KB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 198  bytes 17010 (17.0 KB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

Update Hostname, Hosts, and Setup Static IP

Then, update the hostname file at the /etc/hostname location:

nano /etc/hostname

Change the master node and worker node to kmaster and worker1 respectively. The string that shows up in this file /etc/hostname, will eventually show up in the command line interface. It will show up in a terminal app with prompts looking like: root@kmaster: or root@worker1:.

Static IP address

Notice the inet value: 172.31.20.148. This is the static and private IP address, that can be used even after one reboots the machine. One may set up the static IP address here:

nano /etc/network/interfaces

Then, put in the following textual content:

auto enp0s8
iface enp0s8 inet static
address <IP-Address-of-masters and slaves>

In the above mentioned example, <IP-Address-of-masters and slaves> is 172.31.20.148. Note that this step needs to be executed for each master and slave/worker node.

Statically defined host names

After setting up the network interfaces, one needs to set up a static look up table for the /etc/hosts file:

nano /etc/hosts

Then, put in the following textual content: Note that this step needs to be executed for each master and slave/worker node.

127.0.0.1 localhost
172.31.28.100 worker1
172.31.20.148 kmaster

# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
ff02::3 ip6-allhosts

Note that one may put in multiple entries at once, in this case, two entries, w1 and kmaster, are registered in the /etc/hosts file.

At this time, one may issue the command reboot, to restart the machine.

reboot

After rebooting, the machines should show the host name in command line. More importantly, use ifconfig to check if the locally-defined IP address has been kept stable.

Install SSH Server and Docker

If ssh server is not available, it can be set up by:

sudo apt-get install openssh-server

Afterwards, one may install docker

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y docker.io

Then, one must make sure curl and other things are available:

sudo apt-get update && apt-get install -y apt-transport-https curl

Then, use curl to install the following

curl -s https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | apt-key add -

kubeadm, kubelet and kubectl

Then, one needs to add a file to the Debian package list:

cat <<EOF >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
deb http://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main
EOF

Then, run the following two commands:

apt-get update
apt-get install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl

Another way to do this is to compress all the above into one instruction

echo "deb http://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main" \
| sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list \
&& sudo apt-get update

Update the kubeadm.conf file

The following file must be edited with an extra data entry:

nano /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf

In this file, add the following entry to the last line.

Environment="cgroup-driver=systemd/cgroup-driver=cgroupfs"

Only do this for the Master Node

It is time to use the kubeadm init command.

sudo kubeadm init

Or one may specify more parameter using this instruction:

sudo kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=<depends on calico or flannel pod network> --apiserver-advertise-address=<ip-address-of-master>

An example based on Calico Pod Network (192.168.0.0/16) is shown here:

 sudo kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16 --apiserver-advertise-address=172.31.20.148

An example based on Flannel Pod Network (10.244.0.0/16) is shown here:

 sudo kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 --apiserver-advertise-address=172.31.20.148

After the Kubernetes master node has been successfully initialized, one must run the following three instructions before proceeding:

 mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
 sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
 sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Pod network based on Calico (or Flannel)

First download the calico.yaml file: (The following instruction is different from the original video.)

curl https://docs.projectcalico.org/manifests/calico.yaml -O

Use the kubectl apply command.

kubectl apply -f calico.yaml

An alternative Kubernetes networking substrate is Flannel. The URL to get the YAML file is here:

curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml -O

Then you may just perform kubectl apply command to install the network substrate:

kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yaml

Kubernetes Dashboard deployed on Master Node

To avoid running the Dashboard on worker nodes, the following command needs to be launched before any worker nodes joining the cluster: (It is important to note that the hyperlink in the original video is not working, the following instruction has been tested as of July 21, 2021)

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.2.0/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml

A service account must be created to make dashboard available

kubectl create serviceaccount dashboard -n default 

Then, it needs to create the dashboard-admin

kubectl create clusterrolebinding dashboard-admin -n default --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=default:dashboard

Then, one needs to get the secret key to be pasted into the web-based interface of Kubernetes Dashboard.

kubectl get secret $(kubectl get serviceaccount dashboard -o jsonpath="{.secrets[0].name}") -o jsonpath="{.data.token}" | base64 --decode

This will generate a long token string, something like this (yours must be different, since it is a dynamically generated):

eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjRPcQhLUU54QXE1R1dSdnhsZmdMaUxMN0NMdk8wZ1ZEUjhUMVFLZkdVaEkifQ.eyJpc3MiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9uYW1lc3BhY2UiOiJkZWZhdWx0Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9zZWNyZXQubmFtZSI6ImRhc2hib2FyZC10b2tlbi1wd3FwNSIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VydmljZS1hY2NvdW50Lm5hbWUiOiJkYXNoYm9hcmQiLCJrdWJlcm5ldGVzLmlvL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50L3NlcnZpY2UtYWNjb3VudC51aWQiOiJhOGRkMDE0OC1jNDQzLTRkODctYTVjOC01MjJmYmRjZGMxMGQiLCJzdWIiOiJzeXN0ZW06c2VydmljZWFjY291bnQ6ZGVmYXVsdDpkYXNoYm9hcmQifQ.jbjvJgnLCMhsWbdg_7A83PJZ3sLskS9MPTFEZGvUr8eC-I0tosPXgMBkiWgoAgPcFNpYjXWRN3Ia66vYTEHAc0kqSDsZAMbUP48pszBQR0InPk_7tt7kQn3Scx6FEhkRbxVXaiVqYaafxLdOQlbAP_Xz9KOTjq2L-RU0Pxf83FsAITpJbTVmX7oz_trZSEeP1knqjnnKKn3ppYoYWpAwD-FDDXlPwqvHidxLB-Db9rbxkVGSI2yAibtW6mgldStEC9uv64zBpleUVMIw7ys6a9LxuHuVNg29oZrWaIL7qi6rvvQIqvzcneRRUSC2E7pV-Jl7x80leyRL8SRUiKhBsg

To allow access to this dashboard, the following command must be run:

kubectl proxy

Only at the Slave

At the end, run this command to get the worker node, or slave to join the cluster.

sudo kubeadm join 172.31.20.148:6443 --token h5c0bs.nt4vtekd1eb7qupd --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:088a39a92611a81f18f16bd6ab6b1b438a7015b68392fa8559487c9240c1d1b6

Check Installation Results

Check the final result:

kubectl get nodes

To see all the pods, use the following instruction:

kubectl get pods -o wide --all-namespaces

Kubernetes on Ubuntu by Edureka

A complete 6 hour lecture series can be found here.

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Some online installation tutorials

1. Video:Installing Kubernetes
2. https://blog.alexellis.io/kubernetes-in-10-minutes/
3. https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/install-kubeadm/
4. https://computingforgeeks.com/deploy-kubernetes-cluster-on-ubuntu-with-kubeadm/
5. https://blog.knoldus.com/how-to-install-kubernetes-on-ubuntu-20-04-kubeadm-and-minikube/