Measurement
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Measurement is an action to assess certain qualities or properties of a system or object. This is highly related to the notion of test.
Measurement and Maxwell's Demon
One can think of Maxwell's Demon(MxD) as a primitive form of measuring device. It provides two possible states that enable the observer or MxD to give a single bit of answer. In other words, every MxD is the measuring device for one bit of information in a given physical spacetime context.