IQ

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Intelligence quotient

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Template:Redirect Template:Pp-pc Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox diagnostic Template:Psychology sidebar An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.[1] The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William Stern for the German term Intelligenzquotient, his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests at University of Breslau he advocated in a 1912 book.Template:Sfn

Historically, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's mental age score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person's chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months. The resulting fraction (quotient) was multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score.[2] For modern IQ tests, the raw score is transformed to a normal distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15.[3] This results in approximately two-thirds of the population scoring between IQ 85 and IQ 115 and about 2.5 percent each above 130 and below 70.[4][5]

Scores from intelligence tests are estimates of intelligence. Unlike, for example, distance and mass, a concrete measure of intelligence cannot be achieved given the abstract nature of the concept of "intelligence".[6] IQ scores have been shown to be associated with such factors as nutrition,[7][8] parental socioeconomic status,[9][10] morbidity and mortality,[11]Template:Sfn parental social status,Template:Sfn and perinatal environment.[12] While the heritability of IQ has been investigated for nearly a century, there is still debate about the significance of heritability estimates[13]Template:Sfn and the mechanisms of inheritance.[14]

  1. ↑ Braaten, Ellen B.; Norman, Dennis (1 November 2006). "Intelligence (IQ) Testing". Pediatrics in Review. 27 (11): 403–408. ISSN 0191-9601. PMID 17079505. doi:10.1542/pir.27-11-403. Retrieved 22 January 2020. 
  2. ↑ "intelligence quotient (IQ)". Glossary of Important Assessment and Measurement Terms. Philadelphia, PA: National Council on Measurement in Education. 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-07-22. Retrieved 2017-07-01.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gottfredson2009pp31–32
  4. ↑ Neisser, Ulrich (1997). "Rising Scores on Intelligence Tests". American Scientist. 85 (5): 440–447. Bibcode:1997AmSci..85..440N. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2017. 
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hunt2011p5
  6. ↑ Haier, Richard (2016-12-28). The Neuroscience of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9781107461437. 
  7. ↑ Saloojee, Haroon; Pettifor, John M (2001-12-15). "Iron deficiency and impaired child development". BMJ : British Medical Journal. 323 (7326): 1377–1378. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1121846free to read. PMID 11744547. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1377. 
  8. ↑ Qian, Ming; Wang, Dong; Watkins, William E.; Gebski, Val; Yan, Yu Qin; Li, Mu; Chen, Zu Pei (2005). "The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China". Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 14 (1): 32–42. ISSN 0964-7058. PMID 15734706. 
  9. ↑ Poh, Bee Koon; Lee, Shoo Thien; Yeo, Giin Shang; Tang, Kean Choon; Noor Afifah, Ab Rahim; Siti Hanisa, Awal; Parikh, Panam; Wong, Jyh Eiin; Ng, Alvin Lai Oon; SEANUTS Study Group (2019-06-13). "Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children". BMC Public Health. 19 (Suppl 4): 541. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 6565598free to read Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31196019 Check |pmid= value (help). doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6856-4. 
  10. ↑ Galván, Marcos; Uauy, Ricardo; Corvalán, Camila; López-Rodríguez, Guadalupe; Kain, Juliana (September 2013). "Determinants of cognitive development of low SES children in Chile: a post-transitional country with rising childhood obesity rates". Maternal and Child Health Journal. 17 (7): 1243–1251. ISSN 1573-6628. PMID 22915146. doi:10.1007/s10995-012-1121-9.  Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Markus Jokela; G. David Batty; Ian J. Deary; Catharine R. Gale; Mika Kivimäki (2009). "Low Childhood IQ and Early Adult Mortality: The Role of Explanatory Factors in the 1958 British Birth Cohort". Pediatrics. 124 (3): e380 – e388. PMID 19706576. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0334.  Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Ronfani, Luca; Vecchi Brumatti, Liza; Mariuz, Marika; Tognin, Veronica (2015). "The Complex Interaction between Home Environment, Socioeconomic Status, Maternal IQ and Early Child Neurocognitive Development: A Multivariate Analysis of Data Collected in a Newborn Cohort Study". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0127052. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1027052R. PMC 4440732free to read. PMID 25996934. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127052.  Unknown parameter |doi-access= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Johnson, Wendy; Turkheimer, Eric; Gottesman, Irving I.; Bouchard, Thomas J. (August 2009). "Beyond Heritability". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 18 (4): 217–220. PMC 2899491free to read. PMID 20625474. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01639.x. 
  14. ↑ Devlin, B.; Daniels, Michael; Roeder, Kathryn (1997). "The heritability of IQ". Nature. 388 (6641): 468–71. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..468D. PMID 9242404. doi:10.1038/41319.  Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |doi-access= ignored (help)
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